PMC

Nongiant escape response of a subordinate during an agonistic encounter. A, Lateral giant response evoked by experimenter-produced abdominal tap. B, Medial giant response evoked by experimenter-produced tap of cephalothorax.C, Response occurring during agonistic encounter.Dots mark giant axon spikes. Slower potentials are phasic flexor muscle potentials. Calibration, 2 msec.

Analysis the sample entropy of the agonistic and antagonistic muscle activities between LDH and healthy control during four types of movement. a Forward bending movements, b backward bending movements, c left lateral flexion actions and d right lateral flexion actions. (The agonistic value stand for the sum of sample entropy value of all agonistic muscle sEMG at each movement pattern; the antagonistic value stands for the sum of sample entropy value of all antagonistic muscle sEMG at each movement pattern.)

Changes of average coactivation ratio plotted as a percentage of contraction time during the sustained fatiguing contraction. The coactivation ratio was calculated as quotient of the antagonistic muscle TB EMG amplitude divided by the sum of agonistic muscle BB EMG amplitude and TB EMG amplitude.

Typical average EMG responses of a representative subject during voluntary reaching. Normalized EMG responses (%MVC) during reaching to T1 (gray lines) and T2 (black lines). The GO cue occurred at 0 s. All muscles, except BRD and BI, had patterns of activity that differed between voluntary reaches to each of the targets. T+ or T−: target direction was aligned with agonistic muscle action or not. NA: no agonistic muscle action to both targets.